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The Republic's combat against the power of religious congregations - considered as a threat to modern society began as early as 1879 and entered into a decisive phase with the 1901 law creating a new regime for associations. This law became a legal arm in the hands of Combes in 1902, when he harshly expelled thousands of men and women and condemned them to a clandestine existence or exile, if they were to remain faithful to their vocation. This book evokes that civil war, describing the political, juridical and social context and giving due attention to the analyses of individual and collective destinies, often distressing."