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This book explores the long conflict that divided French Catholicism of the second half of the 17th century on the subject of morals, from the first skirmishes at the beginning of that century until the condemnations pronounced by the French clergy in 1700. The study of this conflict is based on a consideration of two distinct cultural realities in relation to each other: polemic and theology. It revisits a series of episodes and periods of confrontation before and after the famous "Provinciales" campaign, placing them in a mid-term perspective. This investigation reveals to what extent polemic became a characteristic trait of the culture of modern Catholicism. The conflict around theology is striking in its efficiency and its capacity to construct ideological traditions of identity. This study brings us deeper understanding of the social drift within the history of this cultural conflict. Apart from the intervention of the laity, polemic first authorized the public's seizure of power in matters of religion, at a time when the "powers of literature" were once more being proclaimed. Yet this work also illustrates its partial failure. Doctrinal evolutions are slow and fragile. Although a culture of moral discipline gained strength, the rigorist rupture was less radical than it appeared to be. The force of formal theological elaboration provides protection from an indulgent theological culture. In fact, although the study of polemic reveals how deeply politicized ecclesial rapports became. An examination of the theological resources also reveals the tension - irreducible - between established knowledge and its circulation to the public. The confessional culture of French Catholicism seems to be caught up in a fundamental contradiction.