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Talmudic literature is studied relatively little in the French-speaking world. Yet historical research to be undertaken - without theological or confessional prejudices - on the relationship between rabbinic Judaism and primitive Christianity is of particular interest for our understanding of the religious origins of the Western world, whose civilisation is readily qualified as "Judeo-Christian". After the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D., Judaism experienced fundamental and difficult internal transformations. The Wise Men of the Talmud were obliged to confront other Jews - in particular the followers of Jesus' movement - and the figure of Jesus himself, as well as the teachings of the apostle Paul. The modalities of that encounter are the subject of this book. In the final chapter, the author reviews contemporary Jewish historians and their perception of Jesus. Thanks to his use of first-hand sources (in Hebrew and in English), the author allows the reader to access a greater understanding of this complex period, which takes in the origins of the differentiation between Judaism and Christianity, and engendered movements and mechanisms that would weigh heavily on the course of history.