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How did the first encounter between the European world of the Renaissance and the Chinese one of the Ming dynasty take place? How did the West discover Confucius? How was Euclid introduced into China? An international colloquium held at Unesco in 2010 examined these questions by following the itinerary of the Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (1552- 1610). This volume groups together the responses of fourteen of the participants who look back over the circumstances of the first exchange between Europe and China, working from our globalized world, which now calls into question the common values of the great civilisations. Did Ricci divulge foreign concepts and methods to the Chinese, or did he disregard the writings of Western men of letters? How did the Confucian tradition of cultural and religious pluralism receive Western monotheism? These questions are currently hotly debated in China.